Two Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia Essay

Two Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia There are many biological explanations of schizophrenia. In this essay I will concentrate on the genetic explanation and biochemical explanation of the disorder. There are many studies that look in to genetics and the link to schizophrenia. This is dues to an original finding that schizophrenia runs in families and therefore suggests that genes are responsible for the disorder. I study was preformed by Janicak et al 2001; they found that monozygotic twins have a 48% concordance rate. This is considerably less in dizygotic twins where the concordance rate falls to 17%. This would suggest there is a strong case for genetics being involved with†¦show more content†¦Gottesman also supports the genetic link, showing schizophrenia is more common in close biological relatives of a schizophrenic. However genetic explanations cannot account for the patients who have no family history of the disorder. Biochemical factors are used to suggest that schizophrenia is caused by abnormal neurotransmitter activity. The main aspect of this explanation is the Dopamine hypothesis. Schizophrenia has been linked to with high levels of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with attention. Schizophrenics seem to have an increased number of D2 dopamine receptors on receiving neurons. This theory is support by the fact that Phenothiazines bind with D2 receptors and reduce positive symptoms. Another piece of supporting evidence is that Parkinson’s disease drug L-dopa, increase the level of dopamine and causes schizophrenic like symptoms in some people. However excess dopamine can only explain some types of schizophrenia, usually positive rather than negative. Newer antipsychotic also affect levels of other neurotransmitters. This theory can also not explain why some schizophrenics have long periods of remission. (a) Outline and evaluate two non-biological explanations of schizophrenia People diagnosed with schizophrenia come from all types of social backgrounds, but most are clusteredShow MoreRelatedOutline and Evaluate Two or More Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia.1443 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two main biological theories which explain the assumed causes of schizophrenia: Genetic and Dopamine Hypothesis. Research by Mikaywa et al has found that there must be a genetic explanation of schizophrenia due to the fact that concordance rates for environmental causes are not 100%. Also Mikaywa noticed that schizophrenia runs in the family, meaning there must be something other than environmental causes, causing the disorder. What Mikaywa studied was DNA from human families who wereRead MoreThe Biological And Psychological Explanations Of Schizophrenia1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will try to explain schizophrenia and talk about the main biological and psychological explanations, also showing how similar and different they are. Schizophrenia is defined in the oxford dictionary as a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mentalRead MoreOutline and E valuate One or More Biological Explanations to Schizophrenia1149 Words   |  5 Pagesand evaluate one or more biological explanations of schizophrenia (8 marks AO1/16 marks AO1) Schizophrenia is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a person’s language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenic’s neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. 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The biological explanation suggests that schizophrenia is produced by an unfortunate combination of genes or is due to physical problems in the brain. ResearchersRead MoreThe And Progression Of Schizophrenia1592 Words   |  7 Pages Two-Hit Model of Schizophrenia, Discussion, Criticism, and Application to The Onset and Progression of Schizophrenia LA14495 University of Maryland Baltimore County December 2016 Abstract The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the two-hit model of schizophrenia, including what it is, how it may inform treatment and prevention of schizophrenia, how it applies to schizophrenia for the duration of onset and progression, and how various primary sources support or challenge the modelRead MoreMental Illnesses Has Been Recorded Since The Beginning Of History1185 Words   |  5 Pagesdisorders, depression, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders and etc. The focus of this paper will examine the disorder of schizophrenia; how it became, who is affects and to live with it. Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that affects one’s perception of reality. It may cause hallucinations, delusions, psychotic episodes, disorganized speech, episodes of isolation and irrational thinking. A key symptom to paranoid schizophrenia is delusional tendencies. People with schizophrenia has delusions thatRead MoreAbnormality and Schizophrenia1532 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Mathers et al., (1996) â€Å"Schizophrenia ranks among the top ten causes of disability worldwide and affects one in one hundred people at some point in their lives.† (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2012). Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder which is commonly diagnosed in 15-30 year old individuals. It disrupts a person’s cognition, perceptions and emotions, making it extremely difficult to diagnose. Bleuler (1911) introduced the term schizophrenia, which translates as ‘split-mind’ or ‘dividedRead MoreThe Biological Theories Of Crime Essay1218 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesBiological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors through examination of individual characteristics. Cesare Lombroso was one of the founding fathers of the biological theory of criminology, stating that criminals are biologically different from non-criminals. The biological perspective explained that crime was a characteristic of human nature. Through Lombroso’s research observing physical characteristics in Italian prisoners and soldiers, he concluded that criminals were physically differentRead MoreB) Evaluate the Biological Approach’s Explanation of Schizophrenia.1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe biological approach asserts that something in our biology is the fundamental cause of dysfunctional behaviour which could be a genetic cause or a malfunction of brain structures. Although it is seen as the most common explanation for schizophrenia due to the use of drug therapy, it would be deterministic and reductionist to explain schizophrenia only wit h the biological approach since there are other numerous factors such as the ones related to the cognitive explanation or other environmental

The Use Of Calvinism By Robert Frost - 1114 Words

Robert Frost incorporated Calvinism into his poetic work to emphasize his belief in this Protestant theological system. Frost lived in a Calvinist society throughout his life, influencing him to believe in such a system. The death of Frost’s family members, drove him to live such a dark life, and turning to find gratification through Calvinism. Frost made sure to demonstrate the struggle of the characters in his poetry as if they were trying to escape something that was not possible, such as Calvinism. Once a human joins this religion, the rest of their life is determined for them and they are subjected to either hell or rarely heaven. Robert Frost made use of Calvinism throughout his poetry to emphasize the mindset of such individuals.†¦show more content†¦There are parts of his religion that he must stay true and values that mean something due to his strong faith. Calvinism is shown strongly throughout this poem, for one example, in that one has a life to live howe ver, God is ultimately all powerful and in full control of every part of life. The next example comes from the poem Acquainted With The Night, Frost starts off this poem by stating â€Å"I have been one acquainted with night† (Frost 1). Looking further into this poem, one can interpret that the speaker was once drawn to evil, and has gone through struggles in life, however, he has outwalked this struggle in life. God has put him through this clearly for a reason and proves that he truly does have all power. Going through tough times, Frost kept his faith strong, despite believing he was damned. â€Å"I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet/ When far away an interrupted cry/ Came over houses from another street,† (Frost 7-9) Frost is hearing the sounds of a watchman or inner voice talking to him. The voice was not there to tell him what to do just to remind him that He is always there watching over him. When the speaker looks up, he sees the â€Å"luminary clock,† (Frost 12) or the moon, he states once again â€Å"I have been acqua inted with the night,† (Frost 14) stating once again the he believes he has been damned. Frost knows that he technically doesnt have control in any of his choice, and not even the

World Politics

Question: Give a brief discussion with relevance to Kants theory. Answer: Introduction: Terror is very easier to struggle in non-democratic society. In the modern age, the prime threat of the society is to reduce the activities of the terrorist. Hence, the main duty of the state is to provide protection to the citizens. In this section, Kant theory has been provided to analysis the effect of terrorism in the society. By analyzing the Kant theory of ethics, we can evaluate the importance of each life in the society. The theory suggests that the every life is equal and infinite worth. Therefore, the terrorism activities must be demolished from the society in order to save the lives of innocent people in the society. Terrorism suggests an unethical method of demanding something from a particular community. Discussion with relevance to Kants theory: Kants theory of ethics is known as deontological theory. He is the prime proponent of this ethical theory. Deontology is known as the study of duty (Blecher). According to Kant, what gives an action its moral worth is the reason for it, and not the outcome or the consequences of the action. Thus, Kant and the other deontological theorists are of the opinion that the rightness or wrongness of the actions is dependent on certain moral formal criteria like rules or principles. In Kants ethical theory, the rightness of the actions established as apriority in reason (Gomes). The theory is mainly a theory of obligation. There are three ethical difficulties to this theory. The first problem is that the believers of grace tell themselves that they are saved but they continue to act in such a way that a good God would view as morally flawed. It is questioned that how is it possible for God to overlook the sinful deeds that a believer continues to commit after being converted. Terrorists believe that God would be seeing them as good even if their conduct were bad. If this is what grace implies, then the idea of perfection lacks reality for sure since it circumvents the practical goals it claims to achieve (Hung). The theory of Kants portrayal of grace helps in solving this problem. Terrorist do not stop committing their activities in the society for the sake of the innocent people. They just want to achieve their demands from several communities. Terrorists symbolize their activities as the proper way of demanding something from the society (Patellis). They think that it is their rights to achieve the c ertain things from the community. Therefore, the Kant theory of ethics does not justify the activities of the terrorist. The second problem is that after being certain that they are blameless before God, it might lead result in moral laziness. Kants theory would promote belief in something, which lacks reality, for the ethical purpose of being a better person (Yu and Chiu). Sometimes, terrorist activities happen for achieving a particular right of a community in the society. Terrorist often consider themselves as the sinless people. They think that they are doing this kind of activities for fulfilling their own needs. Therefore, terrorists believe that they are building the proper image in the society. Moreover, this careless attitude towards their activities makes them more dangerous. The third problem is that the believers might imagine that that they are no responsible anymore for their life before their conversion since God has forgiven them for the evil they have committed in the past. Such an understanding of the divine grace lies at the core of Christian theology, thus the assessment made by Kant is accurate historically when he mentions that it offers the biggest challenge to anyone who attempts to build an ethics of grace (Yu, Wang and Chang). It is assumed by Kant that if religion is ethically interpreted that people must be responsible for their individual choices. Terrorists of diverse society have different culture and their way of demanding is unusual. They think that their demanding is the process of living in the society and they do not bother about the innocent lives. Moreover, they think that God will save them in reducing their sin. This approach of terrorists makes them more fearful for the innocent people in the society. The Kant theory of ethi cs suggests that the people should have the right to live without fear in the society (Patellis). Moreover, every individual should have the equal value for his or her lives. Terrorist activities make their lives ruin. Therefore, these activities of terrorists do not support these ethics. Conclusion: Terrorism is a prime issue of the society and its effects has been damaging the moral value of the society. Through the engagement of Kants theory on Ethics, the researcher has analyzed the ethical dilemmas of terrorism. References: Blecher, Ian S. "Kant On Formal Modality". Kant-Studien 104.1 (2013): n. pag. Web. Gomes, Anil. "Kant And The Explanatory Role Of Experience". Kant-Studien 104.3 (2013): n. pag. Web. Hung, Chih-wen. "A 300-Year Typhoon Record In Taiwan And The Relationship With Solar Activity". Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 24.4-2 (2013): 737. Web. Patellis, Ioli. "Kant On Independence, Ideal And Empirical". Kant-Studien 104.4 (2013): n. pag. Web. Yu, Jia-Yuh, and Ping-Gin Chiu. "Contrasting Various Metrics For Measuring Tropical Cyclone Activity". Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 23.3 (2012): 303. Web. Yu, Jia-Yuh, Yi-Wen Wang, and Cheng-Wei Chang. "Asian Dust Storm Activity And Its Association With Atmospheric Circulation From 1995 To 2006". Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 21.2 (2010): 375. Web.